【作者】 苏龙嘎；

【导师】 吴英喆；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古大学 ， 中国语言文学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 契丹源出东胡,为我国古代北方民族之一。10世纪初,契丹人仿造汉字笔画先后创制使用了契丹大字和契丹小字。两种文字与汉字并行于辽境内。金灭辽后,契丹文字被继续沿用至金明昌二年(1191),总行用时间长达270余年。至元末明初,契丹字成为了一种无人可识的死文字。契丹文字研究始于20世纪20年代契丹文帝后哀册的重现。其中,契丹大字研究受限于其自身表意性质和资料匮乏等原因,总体研究进程较为缓慢。近年来,随着新资料的陆续出土、研究队伍的不断壮大、研究方法的日益完善,契丹大字研究迎来了前所未有的发展和机遇。契丹大字《萧陈哥别胥墓志铭》为内蒙古大学契丹文字研究团队于2018年在内蒙古赤峰地区获得的珍贵碑刻拓片。该墓志凿刻精美,阴刻契丹大字27行,共1056字,除5个契丹大字因碑石或拓片磨损,不能判明其确切字形之外,其余大字均凿刻工整,字形清晰可辩。笔者经过仔细深入研究后发现,该墓志中出现了一部分契丹大字新字形,记载了不见于其他已发表契丹大字墓志文献的人名、地名、山名及官职名等信息,为一件极具研究价值的契丹大字新资料。本文以契丹大字《萧陈哥别胥墓志铭》为研究对象,广泛参考国内外契丹文研究界所取得的研究成果,结合迄今发现契丹大、小字碑刻文献,主要采用比较文字学和历史比较语言学的研究方法,借助现代计算机技术,对该墓志拓片展开细致、深入研究。首先,笔者依据该墓志拓本及拓本照片,将志文所见契丹大字一一录入计算机,通过反复校对、校勘,形成了较为可靠的电子录文。其次,基于国内外契丹文研究论著所见新近研究成果,结合本研究所取得的最新研究成果,在已释读词汇下方逐一标注了汉文释义。再次,对志文所见契丹大字之音、义研究情况依次进行详细述评,根据新资料的特点,对其内容进行综合考察和深入解读,构拟和释义了一部分契丹大、小字。最后,对相关契丹大、小字墓志文献所见字、词及语法现象进行了解读。本文取得的研究成果主要体现在以下五个方面:一、字形方面,笔者通过仔细核对,鉴别出44个契丹大字新字形,同时,整理出41组契丹大字同字异写形式、1组契丹小字同字异写形式及2组契丹大字分写形式。二、字音拟读方面,通过对新资料的解读,对(?)ɡu-n或ɡe-n、(?)ɡ、ɡu或ɡ?、(?)l-ɑ、(?)?-ɑ?ɑ或?-ɑ?u等64个契丹大字字母的读音进行构拟或订正,并对(?)ri、(?)ri、((?))ɑs或s、(?)x-ri-i或k-ri-i、(?)?ulɑ或q?lɑ、(?)t??u、(?)ur、(?)uk等8个契丹小字原字读音提出了自己的看法。三、字义解读方面,释读了(?)“涅鲁衮”、(?)“胡独堇”、(?)“王严”、(?)“涅鲁古”、(?)“于骨邻”等契丹大字人名、(?)“大丞相”、(?)“文班太保”等官职名、(?)“斡突盌乌古”、(?)“篾古乃”等部族名、氏族名以及其他契丹大字民族语词共48条,解读了(?)((?))“忠”、(?)“知于”等7个契丹小字。四、契丹大、小字比较研究方面,识别出契丹大、小字对应关系共125条,其中,包括新发现契丹大、小字对应关系91条、新识别契丹大、小字对应关系34条。五、语音语法规律方面,观察到如下语法现象:契丹语中“阴性兼指阳性,阳性不能兼指阴性”的“性”语法规律亦适用于表示“大、长”的契丹大、小字限定词(?)、(?);(?)与俗语“祸兮,福之所倚;福兮,祸之所伏。”相对应;动词附加成分(?)s-li可表示时间上的“之后”;句中谓语为契丹小字(?)iu“卒”时,主语均为女性单数。句中谓语为小字(?)ou-uei“卒”时,主语均为男性单数。句中谓语为小字(?)((?))ou-?“卒”时,主语均为女性复数;汉字“岩”中古音中或含有n音;大字(?)ri可充当复数附加成分。此外,通过对《陈》志文解读,笔者推测契丹承祧习俗所涵盖内容或更为宽泛,除表示一般意义上的继承宗祧祭祀之外,或还可表示续婚等婚姻习俗。更多还原

【Abstract】 Khitan,originated from Donghu,was one of the ancient northern nationalities in China.At the beginning of the 10 th century,the Khitan people,by imitating the strokes of Chinese characters,created the Khitan large script and the Khitan small script.The two writing systems were used in parallel with Chinese character in Liao Dynasty for more than 200 years,and continued to be used until the second year of Mingchang of Jin Dynasty(1191)after Liao was destroyed by Jin.The Khitan scripts have been used for more than 270 years(920-1191 AD)in total.By the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,they have become dead scripts that no one could recognize.The Khitan studies began with the reappearance of the Eulogies of Emperor and Empress in Khitan scripts in the1920 s.Among them,limited by its logographic nature and the lack of materials,the overall research process of the study of Khitan large script is relatively slow.In recent years,with the excavation of new materials,the continuous growth of research teams and the improvement of research methods,the study of Khitan large script has ushered in unprecedented development and opportunities.The Epitaph of Xiao Chenge Biexu in Khitan large script is a precious inscription epitaph obtained by the Khitan Research Team of Inner Mongolia University at Chifeng,Inner Mongolia in 2018.The epitaph is beautifully carved,with 27 lines of Khitan large scripts,a total of 1,056 scripts.Except for 5 Khitan large scripts,which cannot be identified due to the wear of the inscription or rubbings,the other scripts are neatly carved,and are clearly distinguishable.After careful and in-depth study,the author found that it is a new material in Khitan large script with great research value,where there were some new Khitan large scripts in the epitaph,recording the names of people,places,mountains and official titles that were not found in other published epitaphs in Khitan large script.Taking the Epitaph of Xiao Chenge Biexu in Khitan large script as the research object,this paper,with extensive reference to the research results obtained in the research works on Khitan literature at home and abroad,combined with the inscriptions in Khitan large and small scripts discovered so far,makes a detailed and in-depth study of the epitaph rubbings,mainly by using the research methods of comparative philology and historical comparative linguistics,and with the help of computer technology.First of all,according to the epitaph rubbings and rubbings photos,the author input the Khitan large scripts seen in the epitaph into the computer,and through repeated proofreading and collation,formed a reliable electronic record.Secondly,based on the latest research results obtained from Khitan research papers at home and abroad,and in this study,the corresponding meanings are marked in Chinese under the interpreted words.Thirdly,through reviewing in great detail the pronunciation and meaning of Khitan large scripts in epitaph text in turn,comprehensively investigating the contents of the epitaph,the paper reconstructs and interprets the pronunciation and meaning of some Khitan large and small scripts.Finally,the words and grammatical phenomena seen in the related epitaphs in Khitan large and small scripts are studied.The main contributions and research results of this paper are reflected in the following five aspects:1.In terms of the form,the paper identified 44 new forms of Khitan large script through careful checking,and sorted out 41 groups of Khitan large scripts and1 group of Khitan small scripts with different writing forms that denote the same word,and 2 groups of spelled forms of Khitan large scripts.2.In terms of pronunciation,through the interpretation of new materials,the pronunciation of 64 Khitan large scripts,such as(?)(ɡu-n or ɡe-n),(?)(ɡ,ɡu or ɡ?),(?)(l-ɑ),(?)γ-ɑ(?)ɑ or (?)-ɑ(?)uetc.are reconstructed or revised,and the pronunciation of 8 glyphs,such as(?)(ri),(?)(ri),(?)((?))(ɑs or s),(?)(x-ri-i or k-ri-i),(?)((?)ulɑ or q?lɑ),(?)(t??u),(?)(ur),(?)(uk)etc.are reconstructed.3.In terms of word meaning,the paper interprets in total of 48 Khitan large scripts,including the names such as (?)“Nielugun”,(?)“Hudujin”,(?)“Wang Yan”,(?)“Nielugu” and (?)“Yugulin”,the official names such as(?)“Great Prime Minister” and(?) “Wenban Taibao”,and the tribal name and the clan name such as(?) “Wotuwan Wugu” and(?)“Miegunai”,as well as other inherent words in Khitan large script.In the meanwhile,the paper interprets 7 Khitan small scripts such as(?)((?))“loyal”,(?)“(as)manager” and so forth.4.In terms of the comparative study of Khitan large and small scripts,125 corresponding relations between Khitan large and small scripts have been identified,including 91 newly interpreted corresponding relations and 34 newly identified corresponding relations.5.In terms of grammar rules,the following grammatical phenomena have been observed: The “gender” grammatical rule in the Khitan that the “feminine” suffixes and words can denote both “feminine” and “masculine” gender,while “masculine”suffixes and words can only denote “masculine” gender is also applicable to the qualifiers(?),(?)“the elder(of the two)”,“the eldest(of three or more)” in Khitan large and small script;(?)corresponds to the saying“Misfortune lies within fortune,and vice versa.”;Verb additive component(?)(s-li)can express “after” in time;Among the verbs demoting “to die”,when(?)(iu)is used as a predicate in a sentence,the subject of it is female singular,and when(?)(ou-uei)is used as a predicate in a sentence,the subject of it is male singular,while when(?)((?))(ou-?)is used as a predicate of a sentence,the subject of it is female plural;The Mediaeval pronunciation of the Chinese character “Yan”may contain phoneme “n”;The Khitan large script(?)(ri)can serve as plural additive component.In addition,through the interpretation of “Chen”,the author speculates that the Khitan inheritance custom covers a broader content,which not only denotes the inheritance of the ancestral hall in the general sense,but also denotes the marriage customs such as renewal of marriage.更多还原